#ID(s) interactor A ID(s) interactor B Alt. ID(s) interactor A Alt. ID(s) interactor B Alias(es) interactor A Alias(es) interactor B Interaction detection method(s) Publication 1st author(s) Publication Identifier(s) Taxid interactor A Taxid interactor B Interaction type(s) Source database(s) Interaction identifier(s) Confidence value(s) Expansion method(s) Biological role(s) interactor A Biological role(s) interactor B Experimental role(s) interactor A Experimental role(s) interactor B Type(s) interactor A Type(s) interactor B Xref(s) interactor A Xref(s) interactor B Interaction Xref(s) Annotation(s) interactor A Annotation(s) interactor B Interaction annotation(s) Host organism(s) Interaction parameter(s) Creation date Update date Checksum(s) interactor A Checksum(s) interactor B Interaction Checksum(s) Negative Feature(s) interactor A Feature(s) interactor B Stoichiometry(s) interactor A Stoichiometry(s) interactor B Identification method participant A Identification method participant B uniprotkb:O81223 uniprotkb:Q9LDI3 intact:EBI-537541|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.1|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.2|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.4 intact:EBI-537551|uniprotkb:Q9LKR2|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1 psi-mi:cnbl4_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 3(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CBL4(gene name)|psi-mi:CBL4(display_short)|uniprotkb:SOS3(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g24270(locus name)|uniprotkb:MOP9.8(orf name) psi-mi:cipko_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:SNF1-related kinase 3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CIPK24(gene name)|psi-mi:CIPK24(display_short)|uniprotkb:SnRK3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:SOS2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g35410(locus name)|uniprotkb:F6I13.1(orf name)|uniprotkb:K21B8.3(orf name) psi-mi:"MI:0018"(two hybrid) Quintero et al. (2011) pubmed:21262798|doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108|imex:IM-17519 taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") psi-mi:"MI:0407"(direct interaction) psi-mi:"MI:0465"(DIP) intact:EBI-15907305|imex:IM-17519-1|dip:DIP-63356E - - psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0498"(prey) psi-mi:"MI:0496"(bait) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) refseq:NP_001190377.1|refseq:NP_197815.1|refseq:NP_001331303.1|ensemblplants:AT5G24270(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.1(transcript)|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.2(transcript)|ensemblplants:AT5G24270.4(transcript)|go:"GO:0004723"(calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity)|go:"GO:0005509"(calcium ion binding)|go:"GO:0005513"(detection of calcium ion)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|go:"GO:0005886"(plasma membrane)|go:"GO:0005955"(calcineurin complex)|go:"GO:0030007"(cellular potassium ion homeostasis)|go:"GO:0042539"(hypotonic salinity response)|interpro:IPR002048(Calcium-binding EF-hand)|interpro:IPR011992(EF-Hand type)|rcsb pdb:1V1F|rcsb pdb:1V1G|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:5O9U|dip:DIP-34746N refseq:NP_198391.1|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009705"(plant-type vacuole membrane)|go:"GO:0035556"(intracellular signal transduction)|go:"GO:0106310"(protein serine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0106311"|interpro:IPR000719(Protein kinase, core)|interpro:IPR004041(NAF)|interpro:IPR008271(Serine/threonine protein kinase, active site)|interpro:IPR011009(Protein kinase-like)|interpro:IPR017441(Protein kinase ATP binding, conserved site)|interpro:IPR018451|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:4D28|go:"GO:0006468"(protein phosphorylation)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0004672"(protein kinase activity)|go:"GO:0004674"(protein serine/threonine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0005524"(ATP binding)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|dip:DIP-34745N psi-mi:"MI:0465"(dip) - - full coverage:Only protein-protein interactions|curation depth:imex curation taxid:4932(yeasx)|taxid:4932("Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast)") - 2017/08/07 2017/08/10 rogid:gVvA/J/KFiDqqcJU6oS2QuaybAg3702 rogid:RQgXuL8VS8nwPMEDigV1GP36hR43702 rigid:GWaRq4x9ddOgMPBdIF71w9nRqj8 false - - - - psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant) psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant) uniprotkb:Q9LKW9 uniprotkb:Q9LDI3 intact:EBI-2368285|uniprotkb:Q9ZPS6|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1 intact:EBI-537551|uniprotkb:Q9LKR2|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1 psi-mi:nhx7_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:NHX7(gene name)|psi-mi:NHX7(display_short)|uniprotkb:SOS1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:"Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 7"(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:F14H20.5(orf name)|uniprotkb:At2g01980(locus name) psi-mi:cipko_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:SNF1-related kinase 3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CIPK24(gene name)|psi-mi:CIPK24(display_short)|uniprotkb:SnRK3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:SOS2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g35410(locus name)|uniprotkb:F6I13.1(orf name)|uniprotkb:K21B8.3(orf name) psi-mi:"MI:0424"(protein kinase assay) Quintero et al. (2011) pubmed:21262798|doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108|imex:IM-17519 taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") psi-mi:"MI:0217"(phosphorylation reaction) psi-mi:"MI:0465"(DIP) intact:EBI-15907322|imex:IM-17519-2|dip:DIP-188822E - - psi-mi:"MI:0502"(enzyme target) psi-mi:"MI:0501"(enzyme) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) refseq:NP_178307.2|dip:DIP-52883N|ensemblplants:AT2G01980(gene)|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0000302"(response to reactive oxygen species)|go:"GO:0005886"(plasma membrane)|go:"GO:0006814"(sodium ion transport)|go:"GO:0006979"(response to oxidative stress)|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009941"(chloroplast envelope)|go:"GO:0015385"("sodium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0015386"("potassium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0016021"(integral component of membrane)|go:"GO:0042542"(response to hydrogen peroxide)|go:"GO:0051453"(regulation of intracellular pH)|go:"GO:0071805"(potassium ion transmembrane transport)|go:"GO:0098719"(sodium ion import across plasma membrane)|go:"GO:2000377"(regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process)|interpro:IPR006153(Sodium/hydrogen exchanger)|interpro:IPR018422|interpro:IPR018490 refseq:NP_198391.1|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009705"(plant-type vacuole membrane)|go:"GO:0035556"(intracellular signal transduction)|go:"GO:0106310"(protein serine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0106311"|interpro:IPR000719(Protein kinase, core)|interpro:IPR004041(NAF)|interpro:IPR008271(Serine/threonine protein kinase, active site)|interpro:IPR011009(Protein kinase-like)|interpro:IPR017441(Protein kinase ATP binding, conserved site)|interpro:IPR018451|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:4D28|go:"GO:0006468"(protein phosphorylation)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0004672"(protein kinase activity)|go:"GO:0004674"(protein serine/threonine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0005524"(ATP binding)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|dip:DIP-34745N psi-mi:"MI:0465"(dip) - - full coverage:Only protein-protein interactions|curation depth:imex curation taxid:-1(in vitro)|taxid:-1(In vitro) - 2017/08/07 2017/08/10 rogid:blO1Fzt7QyQHNlTbBydto1jZ+Rw3702 rogid:RQgXuL8VS8nwPMEDigV1GP36hR43702 rigid:qPayz8MzKBkQ4bbwFJPzxLE3Izk false sufficient binding region:1072-1146 sufficient binding region:1-307|mutation:168-168 - - psi-mi:"MI:0821"(molecular weight estimation by autoradiography) psi-mi:"MI:0821"(molecular weight estimation by autoradiography) uniprotkb:Q9LKW9 uniprotkb:Q9LDI3 intact:EBI-2368285|uniprotkb:Q9ZPS6|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1 intact:EBI-537551|uniprotkb:Q9LKR2|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1 psi-mi:nhx7_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:NHX7(gene name)|psi-mi:NHX7(display_short)|uniprotkb:SOS1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:"Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 7"(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:F14H20.5(orf name)|uniprotkb:At2g01980(locus name) psi-mi:cipko_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:SNF1-related kinase 3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CIPK24(gene name)|psi-mi:CIPK24(display_short)|uniprotkb:SnRK3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:SOS2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g35410(locus name)|uniprotkb:F6I13.1(orf name)|uniprotkb:K21B8.3(orf name) psi-mi:"MI:0018"(two hybrid) Quintero et al. (2011) pubmed:21262798|doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108|imex:IM-17519 taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") psi-mi:"MI:0407"(direct interaction) psi-mi:"MI:0465"(DIP) intact:EBI-15907346|imex:IM-17519-3|dip:DIP-188822E - - psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0498"(prey) psi-mi:"MI:0496"(bait) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) refseq:NP_178307.2|dip:DIP-52883N|ensemblplants:AT2G01980(gene)|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0000302"(response to reactive oxygen species)|go:"GO:0005886"(plasma membrane)|go:"GO:0006814"(sodium ion transport)|go:"GO:0006979"(response to oxidative stress)|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009941"(chloroplast envelope)|go:"GO:0015385"("sodium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0015386"("potassium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0016021"(integral component of membrane)|go:"GO:0042542"(response to hydrogen peroxide)|go:"GO:0051453"(regulation of intracellular pH)|go:"GO:0071805"(potassium ion transmembrane transport)|go:"GO:0098719"(sodium ion import across plasma membrane)|go:"GO:2000377"(regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process)|interpro:IPR006153(Sodium/hydrogen exchanger)|interpro:IPR018422|interpro:IPR018490 refseq:NP_198391.1|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009705"(plant-type vacuole membrane)|go:"GO:0035556"(intracellular signal transduction)|go:"GO:0106310"(protein serine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0106311"|interpro:IPR000719(Protein kinase, core)|interpro:IPR004041(NAF)|interpro:IPR008271(Serine/threonine protein kinase, active site)|interpro:IPR011009(Protein kinase-like)|interpro:IPR017441(Protein kinase ATP binding, conserved site)|interpro:IPR018451|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:4D28|go:"GO:0006468"(protein phosphorylation)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0004672"(protein kinase activity)|go:"GO:0004674"(protein serine/threonine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0005524"(ATP binding)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|dip:DIP-34745N psi-mi:"MI:0465"(dip) - - full coverage:Only protein-protein interactions|curation depth:imex curation taxid:4932(yeasx)|taxid:4932("Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast)") - 2017/08/07 2017/08/10 rogid:blO1Fzt7QyQHNlTbBydto1jZ+Rw3702 rogid:RQgXuL8VS8nwPMEDigV1GP36hR43702 rigid:qPayz8MzKBkQ4bbwFJPzxLE3Izk false sufficient binding region:998-1145 - - - psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant) psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant) uniprotkb:Q9LKW9 uniprotkb:Q9LDI3 intact:EBI-2368285|uniprotkb:Q9ZPS6|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1 intact:EBI-537551|uniprotkb:Q9LKR2|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1 psi-mi:nhx7_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:NHX7(gene name)|psi-mi:NHX7(display_short)|uniprotkb:SOS1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:"Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 7"(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:F14H20.5(orf name)|uniprotkb:At2g01980(locus name) psi-mi:cipko_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:SNF1-related kinase 3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CIPK24(gene name)|psi-mi:CIPK24(display_short)|uniprotkb:SnRK3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:SOS2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g35410(locus name)|uniprotkb:F6I13.1(orf name)|uniprotkb:K21B8.3(orf name) psi-mi:"MI:0424"(protein kinase assay) Quintero et al. (2011) pubmed:21262798|doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108|imex:IM-17519 taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") psi-mi:"MI:0217"(phosphorylation reaction) psi-mi:"MI:0465"(DIP) intact:EBI-15907365|imex:IM-17519-4|dip:DIP-188822E - - psi-mi:"MI:0502"(enzyme target) psi-mi:"MI:0501"(enzyme) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) refseq:NP_178307.2|dip:DIP-52883N|ensemblplants:AT2G01980(gene)|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0000302"(response to reactive oxygen species)|go:"GO:0005886"(plasma membrane)|go:"GO:0006814"(sodium ion transport)|go:"GO:0006979"(response to oxidative stress)|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009941"(chloroplast envelope)|go:"GO:0015385"("sodium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0015386"("potassium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0016021"(integral component of membrane)|go:"GO:0042542"(response to hydrogen peroxide)|go:"GO:0051453"(regulation of intracellular pH)|go:"GO:0071805"(potassium ion transmembrane transport)|go:"GO:0098719"(sodium ion import across plasma membrane)|go:"GO:2000377"(regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process)|interpro:IPR006153(Sodium/hydrogen exchanger)|interpro:IPR018422|interpro:IPR018490 refseq:NP_198391.1|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009705"(plant-type vacuole membrane)|go:"GO:0035556"(intracellular signal transduction)|go:"GO:0106310"(protein serine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0106311"|interpro:IPR000719(Protein kinase, core)|interpro:IPR004041(NAF)|interpro:IPR008271(Serine/threonine protein kinase, active site)|interpro:IPR011009(Protein kinase-like)|interpro:IPR017441(Protein kinase ATP binding, conserved site)|interpro:IPR018451|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:4D28|go:"GO:0006468"(protein phosphorylation)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0004672"(protein kinase activity)|go:"GO:0004674"(protein serine/threonine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0005524"(ATP binding)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|dip:DIP-34745N psi-mi:"MI:0465"(dip) - - full coverage:Only protein-protein interactions|curation depth:imex curation taxid:-1(in vitro)|taxid:-1(In vitro) - 2017/08/07 2017/08/10 rogid:blO1Fzt7QyQHNlTbBydto1jZ+Rw3702 rogid:RQgXuL8VS8nwPMEDigV1GP36hR43702 rigid:qPayz8MzKBkQ4bbwFJPzxLE3Izk false sufficient binding region:441-1146|mutation decreasing interaction rate:1138-1138,1136-1136|mutation decreasing interaction rate:1136-1136|mutation decreasing interaction rate:1138-1138 sufficient binding region:1-307|mutation:168-168 - - psi-mi:"MI:0821"(molecular weight estimation by autoradiography) psi-mi:"MI:0821"(molecular weight estimation by autoradiography) uniprotkb:Q9LKW9 uniprotkb:Q9LDI3 intact:EBI-2368285|uniprotkb:Q9ZPS6|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1 intact:EBI-537551|uniprotkb:Q9LKR2|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1 psi-mi:nhx7_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:NHX7(gene name)|psi-mi:NHX7(display_short)|uniprotkb:SOS1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:"Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 7"(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:F14H20.5(orf name)|uniprotkb:At2g01980(locus name) psi-mi:cipko_arath(display_long)|uniprotkb:SNF1-related kinase 3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:Protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:CIPK24(gene name)|psi-mi:CIPK24(display_short)|uniprotkb:SnRK3.11(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:SOS2(gene name synonym)|uniprotkb:At5g35410(locus name)|uniprotkb:F6I13.1(orf name)|uniprotkb:K21B8.3(orf name) psi-mi:"MI:0424"(protein kinase assay) Quintero et al. (2011) pubmed:21262798|doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108|imex:IM-17519 taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") taxid:3702(arath)|taxid:3702("Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress)") psi-mi:"MI:0217"(phosphorylation reaction) psi-mi:"MI:0465"(DIP) intact:EBI-15907400|imex:IM-17519-5|dip:DIP-188822E - - psi-mi:"MI:0502"(enzyme target) psi-mi:"MI:0501"(enzyme) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0499"(unspecified role) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) psi-mi:"MI:0326"(protein) refseq:NP_178307.2|dip:DIP-52883N|ensemblplants:AT2G01980(gene)|ensemblplants:AT2G01980.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0000302"(response to reactive oxygen species)|go:"GO:0005886"(plasma membrane)|go:"GO:0006814"(sodium ion transport)|go:"GO:0006979"(response to oxidative stress)|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009941"(chloroplast envelope)|go:"GO:0015385"("sodium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0015386"("potassium:proton antiporter activity")|go:"GO:0016021"(integral component of membrane)|go:"GO:0042542"(response to hydrogen peroxide)|go:"GO:0051453"(regulation of intracellular pH)|go:"GO:0071805"(potassium ion transmembrane transport)|go:"GO:0098719"(sodium ion import across plasma membrane)|go:"GO:2000377"(regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process)|interpro:IPR006153(Sodium/hydrogen exchanger)|interpro:IPR018422|interpro:IPR018490 refseq:NP_198391.1|go:"GO:0009651"(response to salt stress)|go:"GO:0009705"(plant-type vacuole membrane)|go:"GO:0035556"(intracellular signal transduction)|go:"GO:0106310"(protein serine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0106311"|interpro:IPR000719(Protein kinase, core)|interpro:IPR004041(NAF)|interpro:IPR008271(Serine/threonine protein kinase, active site)|interpro:IPR011009(Protein kinase-like)|interpro:IPR017441(Protein kinase ATP binding, conserved site)|interpro:IPR018451|rcsb pdb:2EHB|rcsb pdb:4D28|go:"GO:0006468"(protein phosphorylation)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410(gene)|ensemblplants:AT5G35410.1(transcript)|go:"GO:0004672"(protein kinase activity)|go:"GO:0004674"(protein serine/threonine kinase activity)|go:"GO:0005524"(ATP binding)|go:"GO:0005634"(nucleus)|go:"GO:0005737"(cytoplasm)|dip:DIP-34745N psi-mi:"MI:0465"(dip) - - full coverage:Only protein-protein interactions|curation depth:imex curation taxid:-1(in vitro)|taxid:-1(In vitro) - 2017/08/07 2017/08/10 rogid:blO1Fzt7QyQHNlTbBydto1jZ+Rw3702 rogid:RQgXuL8VS8nwPMEDigV1GP36hR43702 rigid:qPayz8MzKBkQ4bbwFJPzxLE3Izk false sufficient binding region:998-1146|O-phospho-L-serine:1138-1138 sufficient binding region:1-307|mutation:168-168 - - psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant) psi-mi:"MI:0396"(predetermined participant)