ELOVL7
UniProt:A1L3X0 ELOVL7
LPP1
PPAP2A
UniProt:O14494 PPAP2A
ACOT8
ACTEIII
PTE1
PTE2
UniProt:O14734 ACOT8
ACSVL1
FACVL1
FATP2
SLC27A2
UniProt:O14975 SLC27A2
VLACS
DEGS1
DES1
MIG15
MLD
UniProt:O15121 DEGS1
DAPAT
DHAPAT
GNPAT
UniProt:O15228 GNPAT
ABCC3
CMOAT2
MLP2
MRP3
UniProt:O15438 ABCC3
CYP1ALPHA
CYP27B
CYP27B1
UniProt:O15528 CYP27B1
MBTPS2
S2P
UniProt:O43462 MBTPS2
CAC
CACT
SLC25A20
UniProt:O43772 SLC25A20
PMP34
SLC25A17
UniProt:O43808 SLC25A17
FADS1
FADSD5
UniProt:O60427 FADS1
PLA2G6
PLPLA9
UniProt:O60733 PLA2G6
SC5D
SC5DL
UniProt:O75845 SC5D
ANG1
TM7SF2
UniProt:O76062 TM7SF2
ABCB11
BSEP
UniProt:O95342 ABCB11
KIAA1252
SGPL1
UniProt:O95470 SGPL1
CDS2
UniProt:O95674 CDS2
MLYCD
UniProt:O95822 MLYCD
FADS2
UniProt:O95864 FADS2
LCAT
UniProt:P04180 LCAT
CYP17
CYP17A1
S17AH
UniProt:P05093 CYP17A1
CYP11A
CYP11A1
UniProt:P05108 CYP11A1
CYP21
CYP21A2
CYP21B
UniProt:P08686 CYP21A2
ACAA
ACAA1
PTHIO
UniProt:P09110 ACAA1
ARO1
CYAR
CYP19
CYP19A1
UniProt:P11511 CYP19A1
AKR1B1
ALDR1
UniProt:P15121 AKR1B1
CBR
CBR1
CRN
UniProt:P16152 CBR1
ASM
SMPD1
UniProt:P17405 SMPD1
GM2A
UniProt:P17900 GM2A
CYP11B2
UniProt:P19099 CYP11B2
SCP2
UniProt:P22307 SCP2
UniProt:P22307-1 SCP2
CPT1
CPT2
UniProt:P23786 CPT2
CYP5
CYP5A1
TBXAS1
UniProt:P24557 TBXAS1
CHAT
UniProt:P28329 CHAT
UniProt:P32189 GK
ACSL1
FACL1
FACL2
LACS
LACS1
LACS2
UniProt:P33121 ACSL1
ABCC1
MRP
MRP1
UniProt:P33527 ABCC1
ABCD1
ALD
UniProt:P33897 ABCD1
EDH17B3
HSD17B3
UniProt:P37058 HSD17B3
PDS
PTGDS
UniProt:P41222 PTGDS
AKR1C3
DDH1
HSD17B5
KIAA0119
PGFS
UniProt:P42330 AKR1C3
CAT1
CRAT
UniProt:P43155 CRAT
GPD2
UniProt:P43304 GPD2
OATP
OATP1
OATP1A2
SLC21A3
SLCO1A2
UniProt:P46721 SLCO1A2
LSS
OSC
UniProt:P48449 LSS
KIAA0024
PSSA
PTDSS1
UniProt:P48651 PTDSS1
MAPKAPK2
UniProt:P49137 MAPKAPK2
AKR1D1
SRD5B1
UniProt:P51857 AKR1D1
SLC20A3
SLC25A1
UniProt:P53007 SLC25A1
PLRP2
PNLIPRP2
UniProt:P54317 PNLIPRP2
GALC
UniProt:P54803 GALC
HMGCS2
UniProt:P54868 HMGCS2
HSD17B7
UniProt:P56937 HSD17B7
CK1G2
CSNK1G2
UniProt:P78368 CSNK1G2
LRP2
UniProt:P98164 LRP2
HMGCS
HMGCS1
UniProt:Q01581 HMGCS1
CYP27
CYP27A1
UniProt:Q02318 CYP27A1
FVT1
KDSR
UniProt:Q06136 KDSR
CYP24
CYP24A1
UniProt:Q07973 CYP24A1
ASBT
ISBT
NTCP2
SLC10A2
UniProt:Q12908 SLC10A2
ACAC
ACACA
ACC1
ACCA
UniProt:Q13085 ACACA
BAAT
UniProt:Q14032 BAAT
KIAA0091
MBTPS1
S1P
SKI1
UniProt:Q14703 MBTPS1
LBR
UniProt:Q14739 LBR
LTB4DH
PTGR1
UniProt:Q14914 PTGR1
GIG29
NTCP
SLC10A1
UniProt:Q14973 SLC10A1
EBP
UniProt:Q15125 EBP
PMKI
PMVK
UniProt:Q15126 PMVK
PKD
PKD1
PRKCM
PRKD1
UniProt:Q15139 PRKD1
P23
PTGES3
TEBP
UniProt:Q15185 PTGES3
DHCR24
KIAA0018
UniProt:Q15392 DHCR24
H105E3
NSDHL
UniProt:Q15738 NSDHL
DESP4
ERG25
MSMO1
SC4MOL
UniProt:Q15800 MSMO1
EFE2
TAZ
UniProt:Q16635 TAZ
UGCG
UniProt:Q16739 UGCG
CYP51
CYP51A1
UniProt:Q16850 CYP51A1
PGS1
UniProt:Q32NB8 PGS1
HSD17B12
UniProt:Q53GQ0 HSD17B12
COQ5
UniProt:Q5HYK3 COQ5
ACER2
ASAH3L
UniProt:Q5QJU3 ACER2
PLB
PLB1
UniProt:Q6P1J6 PLB1
C14orf66
DEGS2
UniProt:Q6QHC5 DEGS2
AGPAT8
ALCAT1
LCLAT1
LYCAT
UniProt:Q6UWP7 LCLAT1
ENPP7
UniProt:Q6UWV6 ENPP7
CYP2R1
UniProt:Q6VVX0 CYP2R1
TPIP
TPTE2
UniProt:Q6XPS3 TPTE2
AGPAT6
GPAT4
UniProt:Q86UL3 AGPAT6
MOB
SGMS1
SMS1
TMEM23
UniProt:Q86VZ5 SGMS1
FGE
PSEC0152
SUMF1
UniProt:Q8NBK3 SUMF1
SGMS2
SMS2
UniProt:Q8NHU3 SGMS2
C1orf93
FAM213B
UniProt:Q8TBF2 FAM213B
CERK
KIAA1646
UniProt:Q8TCT0 CERK
ACER1
ASAH3
UniProt:Q8TDN7 ACER1
MOSP
PLIP
PNAS-129
PTPMT1
UniProt:Q8WUK0 PTPMT1
FAR1
MLSTD2
UniProt:Q8WVX9 FAR1
CL640
COQ2
UniProt:Q96H96 COQ2
FAR2
MLSTD1
UniProt:Q96K12 FAR2
BB1
LENG4
MBOAT7
OACT7
UniProt:Q96N66 MBOAT7
DGAT2
HMFN1045
UniProt:Q96PD7 DGAT2
MCEE
UniProt:Q96PE7 MCEE
LGMN
PRSC1
UniProt:Q99538 LGMN
MGLL
UniProt:Q99685 MGLL
CST
GAL3ST1
UniProt:Q99999 GAL3ST1
PSS2
PTDSS2
UniProt:Q9BVG9 PTDSS2
CGI-88
ELOVL1
SSC1
UniProt:Q9BW60 ELOVL1
ELOVL4
UniProt:Q9GZR5 ELOVL4
CBG
CBGL1
GBA3
UniProt:Q9H227 GBA3
HSD3B7
UniProt:Q9H2F3 HSD3B7
ELOVL6
FACE
LCE
UniProt:Q9H5J4 ELOVL6
CIG30
ELOVL3
UniProt:Q9HB03 ELOVL3
AD035
GBA2
KIAA1605
UniProt:Q9HCG7 GBA2
GDE5
GPCPD1
KIAA1434
UniProt:Q9NPB8 GPCPD1
LST2
OATP1B3
OATP8,SLC21A8
SLCO1B3
UniProt:Q9NPD5 SLCO1B3
ASAH2
HNAC1
UniProt:Q9NR71 ASAH2
KIAA0851
SACM1L
UniProt:Q9NTJ5 SACM1L
ACER3
APHC
PHCA
UniProt:Q9NUN7 ACER3
AGPAT5
UniProt:Q9NUQ2 AGPAT5
ELOVL2
SSC2
UniProt:Q9NXB9 ELOVL2
CYP39A1
UniProt:Q9NYL5 CYP39A1
ELOVL5
PRO0530
UniProt:Q9NYP7 ELOVL5
GPSN2
SC2
TECR
UniProt:Q9NZ01 TECR
COQ3
UniProt:Q9NZJ6 COQ3
PEMPT
PEMT
PNMT
UniProt:Q9UBM1 PEMT
D7SR
DHCR7
UniProt:Q9UBM7 DHCR7
NPC1L1
UniProt:Q9UHC9-2 NPC1L1
AMACR
UniProt:Q9UHK6 AMACR
CLS1
CRLS1
UniProt:Q9UJA2 CRLS1
COT
CROT
UniProt:Q9UKG9 CROT
ACS2
ACSL6
FACL6
KIAA0837
LACS5
UniProt:Q9UKU0 ACSL6
ACS5
ACSL5
FACL5
UniProt:Q9ULC5 ACSL5
PLA2G4C
UniProt:Q9UP65 PLA2G4C
NEU3
UniProt:Q9UQ49 NEU3
ACSB
ACSVL6
FACVL3
FATP5
SLC27A5
UniProt:Q9Y2P5 SLC27A5
NEU2
UniProt:Q9Y3R4 NEU2
CYP46
CYP46A1
UniProt:Q9Y6A2 CYP46A1
LST1
OATP1B1
OATP2
OATPC
SLC21A6
SLCO1B1
UniProt:Q9Y6L6 SLCO1B1
ABCG5:ABCG8-mediated export of cholesterol and phytosterols
sterols[cytosol] + ATP => sterols[extracellular] + ADP + Pi
ABCG1-mediated transport of intracellular cholesterol to the cell surface
CTL1-5 can mediate the uptake of choline
Cho transports from the extracellular space to the cytosol
Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A
Transport (influx) of glycocholate and taurocholate by OATP-8
Transport (influx) of glycocholate and taurocholate by OATP-C
Photolytic cleavage and thermal isomerization of 7-dehydrocholesterol
Vitamin D3 translocates to the blood serum and is transported to the liver
Vitamin D3 translocates into the cytosol
25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in liver
Calcidiol binds to DBP in the bloodstream and is delivered to the kidney
DBP:Calcidiol is sequestered by cubilin on the cell surface
Megalin internalizes the cubilin-DBP:Calcidiol complex
DBP:Calcidiol translocates into lysosomes
Legumain degrades DBP
Vitamin D3 translocates to the cytosol and binds to IDBP
Further hydroxylation of calcidiol in kidney to form calcitriol
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is deactivated
Cholesterol translocates to the inner mitochondrial membrane
Cholesterol is released into the inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidation of cholesterol
Oxidation of cholesterol to 22beta-hydroxycholesterol
cholesterol + NADPH + H+ => 22beta-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O
22beta-hydroxycholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 20alpha,22beta-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O
Oxidation of 22beta-hydroxycholesterol to 20alpha,22beta-hydroxycholesterol
20alpha,22beta-hydroxycholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => pregnenolone + isocaproaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
20alpha,22beta-hydroxycholesterol is cleaved by CYP11A1 to yield pregnenolone and isocaproaldehyde
Translocation of isocaproaldehyde from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol
isocaproaldehyde + NADPH + H+ => 4-methylpentan-1-ol + NADP+
Pregnenolone translocates from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
Hydroxylation of pregnenolone to form 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
pregnenolone + NADPH + H+ => 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone + NADP+ + H2O
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol
17-hydroxypregnenolone + NAD+ => pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol + NADH + H+
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol isomerizes to 17-hydroxyprogesterone
17-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 11-deoxycortisol + NADP+ + H2O
Hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to form 11-deoxycortisol
11-deoxycortisol translocates to the mitochondrion
11-deoxycortisol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => cortisol + NADP+ + H2O
11-deoxycortisol is oxidised to cortisol by CYP11B1
Cortisol translocates from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
Oxidation of cortisol to yield cortisone
cortisol + NADP+ => cortisone + NADPH + H+
Pregnenolone + NAD+ => pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione + NADH + H+
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione isomerizes to progesterone
21-hydroxylation of progesterone to form 11-deoxycorticosterone
progesterone + NAPDH + H+ + O2 => 11-deoxycorticosterone + NADP+ + H2O
11-deoxycorticosterone translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
11-deoxycorticosterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => corticosterone + H2O + NADP+
Hydroxylation of 11-deoxycorticosterone to form corticosterone
Hydroxylation of corticosterone to form 18-hydroxycorticosterone
corticosterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 18-hydroxycorticosterone + NADP+ + H2O
18-hydroxycorticosterone + NADPH + H+ => aldosterone + NADP+ + 2H2O
Conversion of 18-hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone
17alpha-hydroxyprenenolone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => DHA (dehydroepiandrostenedione) + NADP+ + H2O + acetaldehyde
Side chain cleavage of 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to yield DHA
DHA isomerizes to 4-Androstene3,17-dione
Hydroxylation of progesterone to form 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
progesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADP+ + H2O
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 4-Androstene-3, 17-dione + NADP+ + H2O + acetaldehyde
Side chain cleavage of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to form 4-Androstene-3, 17-dione
Reduction of androstenedione to testosterone
Testosterone is converted to 5-alpha-dihydroxytestosterone
Testosterone is converted to estradiol
Androstenedione is converted to estrone by Aromatase (CYP19A1)
Estrone is hydrogenated to estradiol
Digestion of retinyl palmitate by extracellular PTL:colipase
PNLIP:CLPS hydrolyses RPALM to atROL and PALM
SUMF1 mediates the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine, producing active arylsulfatases
Cho is acetylated to AcCho by CHAT
Synthesis of o-acetylcholine
AcCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and acetate by ACHE
Acetylcholine clearance from synaptic cleft
Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine
Digestion of cholesterol esters by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
Digestion of monoacylglycerols by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
Digestion of diacylglycerols by extracellular PTL:colipase
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular CEL (bile salt-dependent lipase)
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular PTL:colipase
Digestion of triacylglycerols by extracellular pancreatic lipase-related protein 2
NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol uptake
NPC1L1-mediated phytosterol uptake
NPC1L1 + ezetimibe => NPC1L1:ezetimibe complex
NPC1L1 inactivation by ezetimibe
ApoB-48 + 40 triacylglycerol + 60 phospholipid => ApoB-48:TG:PL complex
ApoB-48:TG:PL complex + 100 triacylglycerols + ApoA-I + ApoA-IV => nascent chylomicron
Exocytosis of nascent chylomicrons
nascent chylomicron [endoplasmic reticulum lumen] => nascent chylomicron [extracellular]
nascent chylomicron + spherical HDL:apoC-II:apoC-III:apoE =>spherical HDL + chylomicron
chylomicron => TG-depleted chylomicron + 50 long-chain fatty acids + 50 diacylglycerols
TG-depleted chylomicron + spherical HDL => chylomicron remnant + spherical HDL:apoA-I:apoA-II:apoA-IV:apoC-II:apoC-III
chylomicron remnant + apoE => chylomicron remnant:apoE complex
chylomicron remnant:apoE complex + LDLR => chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex
chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex [plasma membrane] => chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex [clathrin-coated vesicle] (LDLRAP1-dependent)
chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex [coated vesicle membrane] => chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex [endosome membrane]
chylomicron remnant:apoE:LDLR complex => chylomicron remnant:apoE + LDLR
Conversion of pro-apoA-I to apoA-I
ABCA1 tetramer binds apoA-I
ABCA1-mediated transport of intracellular cholesterol to the cell surface
ABCA1-mediated transport of intracellular phospholipid to the cell surface
Apolipoprotein A-I binds membrane-associated cholesterol and phospholipid to form a discoidal HDL particle
pre-beta HDL binds membrane-associated cholesterol and phospholipid to form a discoidal HDL particle
Discoidal HDL binds membrane-associated free cholesterol
LCAT + discoidal HDL <=> LCAT:discoidal HDL complex
LCAT:discoidal HDL complex <=> LCAT + discoidal HDL
Spherical HDL binds C and E apolipoproteins
Spherical HDL binds membrane-associated free cholesterol and phospholipids
cholesterol + phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) => cholesterol ester + 2-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin)
2 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + serum albumin => albumin:2-lysophosphatidylcholine complex
Serum albumin binds 2-lysophosphatidylcholine
LCAT + spherical HDL <=> LCAT:spherical HDL complex
LCAT:spherical HDL complex <=> LCAT + spherical HDL
CETP-mediated lipid exchange: spherical HDL gains triacylglycerol
CETP:triacylglycerol complex + spherical HDL <=> CETP:cholesterol ester complex + spherical HDL:triacylglycerol
CETP + spherical HDL + torcetrapib => CETP:spherical HDL:torcetrapib complex
spherical HDL and SR-BI receptor form a complex at the cell surface
Disassembly of SR-BI-bound spherical HDL
apoA-I binds to CUBN:AMN
CETP-mediated lipid exchange: LDL gains cholesterol ester
CETP:cholesterol ester complex + LDL <=> LDL:cholesterol ester complex + CETP:triacylglycerol complex
apolipoprotein(a) + LDL => Lp(a)
LDL + LDLR => LDL:LDLR complex
Internalization of LDL:LDLR complex (LDLRAP1-dependent)
LDL:LDLR complex [plasma membrane] => LDL:LDLR complex [clathrin-coated vesicle] (LDLRAP1-dependent)
Internalization of LDL:LDLR complex (LDLRAP1-independent)
LDL:LDLR complex [plasma membrane] => LDL:LDLR complex [clathrin-coated vesicle] (LDLRAP1-independent)
LDLR:LDL complex [coated vesicle membrane] => LDLR:LDL complex [endosome membrane]
Movement of LDL:LDLR complex to early endosome
Dissociation of the LDL:LDLR complex in the early endosome
LDLR:LDL complex => LDLR + LDL
LDLR [endosome membrane] => LDLR [plasma membrane]
Recycling of LDLR to plasma membrane
hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) + 2 ATP -> phosphorylated HSL + 2 ADP
2 phosphorylated HSL monomers -> phosphorylated HSL dimer
perilipin:CGI-58 complex -> perilipin + CGI-58
perilipin + 2 ATP -> phosphorylated perilipin + 2 ADP
Phosphorylated HSL dimer translocates from the cytosol to the lipid particle
phosphorylated HSL dimer + FABP4 -> phosphorylated HSL dimer:FABP4 complex
cholesterol ester + H2O -> cholesterol + fatty acid
triacylglycerol + H2O -> diacylglycerol + fatty acid
diacylglycerol + H2O -> 2-acylglycerol + fatty acid
2-acylglycerol + H2O -> glycerol + fatty acid
phosphorylated HSL + H2O -> HSL + orthophosphate
phosphorylated perilipin + H2O -> perilipin + orthophosphate
Transport of Citrate from Mitochondrial Matrix to cytosol
Generation of Cytoplasmic Acetyl CoA from Citrate
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (liver)
acetyl-CoA + bicarbonate + ATP => malonyl-CoA + H2O + ADP + orthophosphate
Formation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) dimer
Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate
acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADHP + 14 H+ => palmitate + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 8 CoASH + 6 H2O
Conversion of palmitic acid to palmitoyl-CoA
palmitate + CoASH + ATP => palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O [ACSL1]
palmitate + CoASH + ATP => palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O [ACSL3]
arachidonate + CoASH + ATP => arachidonoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O [ACSL4]
palmitate + CoASH + ATP => palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O [ACSL5]
palmitate + CoASH + ATP => palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O [ACSL6]
palmitoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA) + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL1]
palmitoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA) + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL2]
palmitoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA) + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL3]
lignoceroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxocerotoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL4]
arachidonoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxo-(7,10,13,16)-docosatetraenoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL5]
palmitoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA) + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL6]
arachidoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => 3-oxobehenoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoASH [ELOVL7]
3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA) + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA + NADP+
3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA => trans-octadec-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O
trans-octadec-2-enoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ => stearoyl-CoA + NADP+
Conversion of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate to Glycerol -3- phosphate
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L
Conversion of Glycerol to Glycerol-3-phosphate
Conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid
G3P is acylated to 1-acyl LPA by AGPAT6
glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA => 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate + CoASH [ER membrane-associated]
glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA => 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate + CoASH [mitochondrial membrane-associated]
1-acyl LPA is acylated to PA by AGPAT (LPAAT)
1-acyl-glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA => 1,2-diacyl-glycerol 3-phosphate + CoASH
lysophosphatidic acid + fatty acyl CoA => phosphatidic acid + CoA (1)
1,2-diacyl-glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O => 1,2-diacyl-glycerol + orthophosphate
Conversion of Phosphatidic Acid to Diacylglycerol
1,2-diacyl-glycerol + acyl-CoA => triacylglycerol + CoASH [DGAT1]
Conversion of Diacylglycerol to Triacylglycerol [DGAT1]
1,2-diacyl-glycerol + acyl-CoA => triacylglycerol + CoASH [DGAT2]
Conversion of Diacylglycerol to Triacylglycerol [DGAT2]
CPT1 converts palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoyl carnitine
palmitoyl-CoA + carnitine => palmitoylcarnitine + CoASH
Exchange of palmitoylcarnitine and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane
CPT2 converts palmitoyl carnitine to palmitoyl-CoA
palmitoylcarnitine + CoASH => palmitoyl-CoA + carnitine
Formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (muscle)
pAMPK inactivates ACC2 inhibiting malonyl-CoA synthesis
palmitoyl-CoA+FAD<=>trans-Hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA+FADH2
trans-Hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>myristoyl-CoA
myristoyl-CoA+FAD<=>trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA+FADH2
trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>Lauroyl-CoA
lauroyl-CoA+FAD<=>2-trans-Dodecenoyl-CoA+FADH2
2-trans-Dodecenoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>Decanoyl-CoA
Decanoyl-CoA+FAD<=>trans-Dec-2-enoyl-CoA+FADH2
trans-Dec-2-enoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA
(S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>Octanoyl-CoA
Octanoyl-CoA+FAD<=>trans-Oct-2-enoyl-CoA+FADH2
trans-Oct-2-enoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA
(S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>Hexanoyl-CoA
Hexanoyl-CoA+FAD<=>trans-Hex-2-enoyl-CoA+FADH2
trans-Hex-2-enoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA
(S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+NADH+H
3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA+CoA-SH<=>Butanoyl-CoA
Butanoyl-CoA+FAD<=>Crotonoyl-CoA+FADH2
Crotonoyl-CoA+H2O<=>(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA
(S)-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA+NAD<=>Acetoacetyl-CoA+NADH+H
Removal of six carbons from Linoleoyl-CoA to form cis,cis-3,6- Dodecadienoyl-CoA
Isomerization of cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA to form trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA
Removal of 2 Carbon atoms from trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA to form 4-cis-decenoyl-CoA
dehydrogenation of 4-cis-decenoyl-CoA to form 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA
Reduction of 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to form 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA
Isomerization of 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA to form trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA
propionyl-CoA + CO2 + ATP <=> D-methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + orthophosphate
D-methylmalonyl-CoA <=> L-methylmalonyl-CoA
L-methylmalonyl-CoA <=> succinyl-CoA
MUT transfers adenosyl group from AdoCbl to L-MM-CoA
2 acetyl-CoA <=> acetoacetyl-CoA + CoA
acetoacetyl-CoA+acetyl-CoA => HMG-CoA + CoASH
HMG CoA => acetoacetic acid + acetyl CoA
Reduction of Acetoacetate to beta-Hydroxybutyrate
acetoacetic acid + NADH + H+ <=> beta-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+
D-beta hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ <=> acetoacetate+NADH+H+
acetoacetate + succinyl-CoA <=> acetoacetyl-CoA + succinate
acetoacetyl-CoA + CoA <=> 2 acetyl-CoA
Gly-3-P+FAD->DHAP+FADH2 (catalyzed by mitochondrial Gly-Phos dehydrogenase)
Formation of PPARA:RXRA Heterodimer at Promoters of Target Genes
Recruitment of Corepressors by PPARA:RXRA Heterodimer
Activation of PPARA by Fatty Acid Ligands
Expression of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR)
Expression of 5-aminolevulinate synthase 1
Expression of ALAS1
Expression of Farnesyldiphosphate Farnesyltransferase (FDFT1, Squalene Synthase)
Expression of Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS1)
PMP34-mediated exchange of cytosolic ATP for peroxisomal AMP
phytanate + CoA-SH + ATP => phytanoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
phytanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 => 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2
2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA => pristanal + formyl-CoA
formyl-CoA + H2O => formate + CoASH
pristanal + NAD+ => pristanate + NADH + H+
pristanate + CoA-SH + ATP => pristanoyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate
Isomerization of (2R)-pristanoyl-CoA to (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA
(2S)-pristanoyl-CoA + O2 => trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + H2O2 (ACOX2)
(2S)-pristanoyl-CoA + O2 => trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + H2O2 (ACOX3)
trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + H2O => 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA + NAD+ => 3-ketoxypristanoyl-CoA + NADH + H+
3-ketopristanoyl-CoA + CoASH => 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA + propionyl-CoA
4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA + 2 O2 + 2 H2O + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoASH => 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + 2 H2O2 + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + acetyl-CoA + propionyl-CoA
4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + carnitine => 4,8-dimethylnonanoylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine => acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + H2O => acetate + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + carnitine => propionylcarnitine + CoASH
Peroxisomal uptake of very long-chain fatty acyl CoA
hexacosanoyl-CoA + O2 => trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA + H2O2
trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA + H2O => 3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA + NAD+ => 3-ketohexacosanoyl-CoA + NADH + H+
3-ketohexacosanoyl-CoA + CoASH => tetracosanoyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA
tetracosenoyl-CoA + 8 O2 + 8 H2O + 8 NAD+ + 8 CoASH => octanoyl-CoA + 8 H2O2 + 8 NADH + 8 H+ + 8 acetyl-CoA
palmitoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ => hexadecanol + 2 NADP+ [FAR1]
palmitoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ => hexadecanol + 2 NADP+ [FAR2]
palmitoyl-CoA + DHAP => 1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate + CoASH
1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate + hexadecanol => O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate + palmitate
Movement of O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate from the peroxisomal matrix to the cytosol
Conversion of acylated DHAP to lysophosphatidic acid acid
O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H+ => 1-hexadecyl glycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane
malonyl-CoA is decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA in peroxisome
Condensation of acetyl CoA with acetoacetyl CoA to form HMG-CoA
Reduction of HMG-CoA produces mevalonate
Mevalonate is phosphorylated to mevalonate-5-phosphate
Mevalonate-5-phosphate is further phosphorylated.
Mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate is decarboxylated
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate rearranges to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide
Squalene 2,3-epoxide cyclizes, forming lanosterol
Lanosterol is oxidatively demethylated to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol
lanosterol + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 => 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O + formate
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol + NADPH + H+ => 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + NADP+ [LBR]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [LBR]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol + NADPH + H+ => 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + NADP+ [TM7SF2]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 => 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + NAD+ => 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NADH + H+
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + NADP+
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 => 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol + NAD+ => cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) + CO2 + NADH + H+
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone)
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol)
zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) + NADPH + H+ => zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) + NADP+
Zymosterol => cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol
Zymosterol is isomerized to cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol
cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol + NADP+ + 2 H2O
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol
cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol + NADPH + H+ => desmosterol + NADP+
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol
desmosterol + NADPH + H+ => cholesterol + NADP+
SREBF1A/1C/2 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by SCAP:cholesterol:INSIG
SREBP1A/1C/2 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by SCAP:cholesterol:INSIG
SREBF1A/1C/2 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by SCAP:INSIG:oxysterol
SREBP1A/1C/2 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by SCAP:INSIG:oxysterol
SREBF1A/1C/2:SCAP Binds CopII Coat Complex
SREBP1A/1C/2:SCAP Binds CopII Coat Complex
SREBF1A/1C/2:SCAP Transits to the Golgi
SREBP1A/1C/2:SCAP Transits to the Golgi
S1P Cleaves SREBF1A/1C/2
S1P Cleaves SREBP1A/1C/2
SKI-1 Cleaves SREBP1A/1C/2
S2P Cleaves SREBF1A/1C/2
S2P Cleaves SREBP1A/1C/2
SREBF1A/1C/2 Dimerizes
SREBP1A/1C/2 Dimerizes
SREBF1A/1C/2 Binds Importin beta-1
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds Importin beta-1
SREBF1A/1C/2 Transits to the Nucleus
SREBP1A/1C/2 Transits to the Nucleus
SREBF1A/1C/2 Dissociates from Importin beta-1
SREBP1A/1C/2 Dissociates from Importin beta-1
SREBF1A/1C Binds the ACACA Promoter
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the ACACA Promoter
SREBF1A/1C Binds the ACACB Promoter
SREBP1A/1C Binds the ACACB Promoter
Formation of SREBF:NF-Y:TM7SF2 gene complex
Formation of SREBP:NF-Y:TM7SF2 gene complex
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the TM7SF2 Promoter
SREBF1A/1C Binds the GPAM Promoter
SREBP1A/1C Binds the GPAM Promoter
SREBF1A/1C Binds the FASN Promoter
SREBP1A/1C Binds the FASN Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the LSS Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the LSS Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the MVD Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the MVD Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the HMGCR Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the HMGCR Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the SC5DL Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the SC5DL Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the CYP51A1 Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the CYP51A1 Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the DHCR7 Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the DHCR7 Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the GGPS1 Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the GGPS1 Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the IDI1 Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the IDI1 Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the MVK Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the MVK Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the PMVK Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the PMVK Promoter
SREBF1A/2 Binds the SQLE Promoter
SREBP1A/2 Binds the SQLE Promoter
SREBF1A/1C/2 Binds the ELOVL6 Promoter
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the ELOVL6 Promoter
SREBF1A/1C/2 Binds the FDPS Promoter
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the FDPS Promoter
SREBF1A/1C/2 Binds the HMGCS1 Promoter
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the HMGCS1 Promoter
SREBF1A/1C/2 Binds the FDFT1 Promoter
SREBP1A/1C/2 Binds the FDFT1 Promoter
Expression of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase (DHCR7)
Expression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACACA, ACC1)
Expression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 2 (ACACB, ACC2)
Expression of Diphosphomevalonate Decarboxylase (MVD)
Expression of ELOVL6
Expression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FDPS)
Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)
Expression of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPS1)
Expression of Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAM, GPAT)
Expression of Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1 (IDI1)
Expression of Lanosterol Demethylase (CYP51A1)
Expression of Lanosterol Synthase (LSS)
Expression of Lathosterol Oxidase (SC5D, SC5DL)
Expression of Mevalonate Kinase (MVK)
Expression of Phosphomevalonate Kinase (PMVK)
Expression of Squalene Monooxygenase (SQLE)
Expression of TM7SF2
Cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol by CYP7A1
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one
4-Cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is 12alpha-hydroxylated to 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NADP+ + H2O
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha-diol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol + NAPDP+
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one+ NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol + NADP+
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 27-tetrol + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 27-tetrol
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol + NADP+ => 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADPH + H+
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol + NADP+ => 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al + NADPH + H+
5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol is oxidized to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (THCA) + NADP+ + H2O
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (THCA)
3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (DHCA) + NADP+ + H2O
3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al is oxidized to 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (DHCA)
THCA [mitochondrial matrix] => THCA [cytosol]
THCA is translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
DHCA [mitochondrial matrix] => DHCA [cytosol]
DHCA is translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
THCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) THCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate (SLC27A2 "VLCS")
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
DHCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) DHCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate (SLC27A2 "VLCS")
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
THCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) THCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate (SCLS25A5 "BACS")
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
DHCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) DHCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate (SCLS25A5 "BACS")
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
25(R) THCA-CoA [ cytosol] => 25(R) THCA-CoA [peroxisome]
25(R) THCA-CoA is translocated from the cytosol to the peroxisome
25(R) DHCA-CoA [ cytosol] => 25(R) DHCA-CoA [peroxisome]
25(R) DHCA-CoA is translocated from the cytosol to the peroxisome
25(R) THCA-CoA => 25(S) THCA-CoA
Isomerization of 25(R) THCA-CoA to 25(S) THCA-CoA
25(R) DHCA-CoA => 25(S) DHCA-CoA
Isomerization of 25(R) DHCA-CoA to 25(S) DHCA-CoA
25(S) THCA-CoA + O2 => THCA-CoA + H2O2
25(S) THCA-CoA is dehydrogenated to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA)
25(S) DHCA-CoA + O2 => 25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA + H2O2
25(S) DHCA-CoA is dehydrogenated to 25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA) is hydrated to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA + H2O => (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA + H2O => (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA is hydrated to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA + NAD+ => 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA + NADH + H+
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA + NAD+ => 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA + NADH + H+
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA + CoASH => choloyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) + propionyl CoA
Thiolysis of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA yields choloyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) and propionyl CoA
3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA + CoASH => chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) + propionyl CoA
Thiolysis of 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA yields chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA (3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-one-CoA) and propionyl CoA
Hydrolysis of choloyl-CoA to cholate and CoASH
Cholate is translocated from the peroxisomal matrix to the cytosol
cholate [peroxisomal matrix] => cholate [cytosol]
Choloyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycocholate or taurocholate
Chenodeoxycholoyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycochenodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate
Bile salts are translocated from the peroxisomal matrix to the cytosol
bile salts [peroxisomal matrix] => cholate bile salts [cytosol]
Transport (efflux) of bile salts by ABCB11 (bile salt export pump)
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 24-hydroxycholesterol by CYP46A1
cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 24-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O
Efflux of 24-hydroxycholesterol
Influx of 24-hydroxycholesterol
24-hydroxycholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24-triol + NADP+ + H2O
24-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated to yield cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24-triol
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol + NAD+ => 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one + NADH + H+
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one
4-Cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 4-cholesten-7-alpha,12-alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one + NADP+ + H2O
4-Cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is 12alpha-hydroxylated to 4-cholesten-7-alpha,12-alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol + NAPDP+
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one+ NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol + NADP+
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S),27-pentol + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S), 27-pentol
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S),27-tetrol + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol is hydroxylated to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S), 27-tetrol
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S),27-pentol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S),27-pentol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S),27-tetrol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADP+ + H2O
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S),27-tetrol is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (TetraHCA) + NADP+ + H2O
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (TetraHCA)
3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (3,7,24THCA) + NADP+ + H2O
3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-27-al is oxidized to 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (3,7,24THCA)
TetraHCA [mitochondrial matrix] => TetraHCA [cytosol]
TetraHCA is translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
3,7,24THCA [mitochondrial matrix] => 3,7,24THCA [cytosol]
3,7,24THCA is translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
TetraHCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) TetraHCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O (SCLS25A5 "BACS")
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
3,7,24THCA + ATP + CoASH => 3,7,24THCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O (SCLS25A5 "BACS")
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
TetraHCA + ATP + CoASH => 25(R) THCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O (SLC27A2 "VLCS")
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
3,7,24THCA + ATP + CoASH => 3,7,24THCA-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate + H2O (SLC27A2 "VLCS")
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS)
25(R) TetraHCA-CoA [ cytosol] => 25(R) TetraHCA-CoA [peroxisome]
25(R) TetraHCA-CoA is translocated from the cytosol to the peroxisome
3,7,24THCA-CoA [ cytosol] => 3,7,24THCA-CoA [peroxisome]
3,7,24THCA-CoA is translocated from the cytosol to the peroxisome
25(R) TetraHCA-CoA => (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Isomerization of 25(R) TetraHCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
3,7,24THCA-CoA => (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Isomerization of 3,7,24THCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 27-hydroxycholesterol by CYP27
cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 27-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+
Efflux of 27-hydroxycholesterol
Influx of 27-hydroxycholesterol
27-hydroxycholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 => cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol + H2O + NADP+
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol + NAD+ => 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one +NADH + H+
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one
4-Cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ + O2 => 4-Cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one + NADP+ + H2O
4-Cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is 12alpha-hydroxylated to 4-Cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one + NADP+
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one + NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol + NAPDP+
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one+ NADPH + H+ => 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol + NADP+
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol is translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol
25-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated by CYP7B1
Co-transport (influx) of bile salts and acids and sodium ions by ASBT
Transport (efflux) of bile salts by ABCC3 (MRP3)
Co-transport (influx) of bile salts and sodium ions by NTCP
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS)
Cytosolic chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA or choloyl-CoA are conjugated with glycine or taurine
DHAP is converted to 1-acyl GO3P by GNPAT
PA is hydrolysed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[1]
PA is hydrolysed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2G2A
G3P is acylated to 1-acyl LPA by GPAM/GPAT2 (OM)
1-acyl LPA is acylated to PA by AGPAT5 (OM)
PA is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[1] (OM)
PC is hydrolyzed to PA and choline by PLD1/2
PA is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPA by PLA2[15]
TAG is hydrolyzed to DAG by PNPLA2/3
DAG is acylated to TAG by DGAT1/2
DAG is hydrolyzed to 2-MAG by PNPLA2/3
2-MAG is transacylated to DAG by PNPLA2/3
2-MAG and DAG are transacylated to TAG by PNPLA2/3
2-MAG is hydrolyzed to fatty acid and glycerol by MGLL
ETA is phosphorylated to PETA by CHK/ETNK
PETA is dephosphorylated to ETA by PHOSPHO1
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2
PA is dephosphorylated to DAG by LPIN
CDP-ETA and DAG are converted to PE by CEPT1/EPT1
PS transports from the ER membrane to the IM membrane
PS is decarboxylated to PE by PISD
PE transports from the mitochondrial membrane to the ER
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[2]
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[3]
1-acyl LPE is acylated to PE by LPEAT
PE is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPE by PLA2[4]
PE is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPE by PLA2G4C
2-acyl LPE is acylated to PE by LPEAT
PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[16]
1-acyl LPE is hydrolyzed to GPETA by PLA2G4C
2-acyl LPE is hydrolyzed to GPETA by PLA2G4C
GPETA is hydrolyzed to ETA and G3P by GPCPD1
PE is methylated to PC by PEMT
Cho is phosphorylated to PCho by CHK dimer
PCho is dephosphorylated to Cho by PHOSPHO1
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer
CDP-Cho and DAG are converted to PC by CEPT1 at the ER membrane
CDP-Cho and DAG are converted to PC by CHPT1 at the Golgi membrane
PI:PITPNB is transported from the ER membrane to the Golgi membrane
PI is exchanged with PC by PITPNB
PC:PITPNB is transported from the Golgi membrane to the ER membrane
PC is exchanged with PI by PITPNB
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[5]
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[6]
1-acyl LPC is acylated to PC by LPCAT
PC is hydrolysed to 2-acyl LPC by PLA2[7]
PC is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPC by PLA2G4C
2-acyl LPC is acylated to PC by LPCAT
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[16]
PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLB1
1-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2[8]
1-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2G4C
2-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2[8]
2-acyl LPC is hydrolyzed to GPCho by PLA2G4C
GPCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and G3P by GPCPD1
PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1
PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2[9]
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2G2A
1-acyl LPS is acylated to PS by LPSAT
PS is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPS by PLA2[10]
2-acyl LPS is acylated to PS by LPSAT
PS is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPS by PLA2[15]
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1
CDP-DAG is converted to PI by CDIPT
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[11]
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[12]
1-acyl LPI is acylated to PI by MBOAT7
PI is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPI by PLA2[13]
2-acyl LPI is acylated to PI by MBOAT7
PI is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPI by PLA2[15]
PC is transphosphatidylated to PG by PLD1-4/6
PA transports from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS2
CDP-DAG is converted to PGP by PGS1
PTPMT1 dephosphorylates PGP to PG
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2[1]
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2G2A
1-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by LPGAT
PG is hydrolyzed to 2-acyl LPG by PLA2[14]
2-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by LPGAT
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2G4B (IM)
1-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by CRLS1 (IM)
PG is hydrolysed to 2-acyl LPG by PLA2G4B (IM)
2-acyl LPG is acylated to PG by CRLS1 (IM)
PG is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPG by PLA2[16]
PG and CDP-DAG are converted to CL by CRLS1
CL is hydrolyzed to MLCL by PLA2G6 (IM)
MLCL and PC are converted to CL and 1-acyl LPC by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
CL and 1-acyl LPC are converted to MLCL and PC by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
MLCL and PE are converted to CL and 1-acyl LPE by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
CL and 1-acyl LPE are converted to MLCL and PE by TAZ (IM) (Reversible)
MLCL is acylated to CL by HADH (IM)
MLCL transports from the IM to the ER
MLCL is acylated to CL by LCLAT1 (ER)
CL transports from the ER to the IM
MLCL is hydrolyzed to DLCL by PLA2G4A (IM)
DLCL transports from the IM to the ER
DLCL is acylated to MLCL by LCLAT1 (ER)
PG transports from the ER membrane to the late endosome membrane
PG is converted to BMP
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KA/2B at the ER membrane
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the ER membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KA/2A/2B at the Golgi membrane
PI4KB binds to ARF1/3:GTP at the Golgi membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4KB at the Golgi membrane
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the Golgi membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the Golgi membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the Golgi membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the Golgi membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the Golgi membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIK3C2A/G at the Golgi membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by TPTE2 at the Golgi membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by OCRL/INPP5E at the Golgi membrane
PI4P transports from the Golgi membrane to the plasma membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(4,5)P2 by PIP5K1A-C at the plasma membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by SYNJ/INPP5[1] at the plasma membrane
PI(4,5)P2 is phosphorylated to PI(3,4,5)P3 by PIK3C[1] at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4,5)P3 is dephosphorylated to PI (4,5)P2 by PTEN at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is phosphorylated to PI(3,4,5)P3 by PIP5K1A-C at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4,5)P3 is dephosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by INPP5[2] at the plasma membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PI3K3C[2] at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by PTEN at the plasma membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIP4K2/5K1 at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by INPP4A/B at the plasma membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ/MTM[1] at the plasma membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI5P by PIP5K1A/B at the plasma membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIP5K1A/B at the plasma membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by SYNJ at the plasma membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by SYNJ/MTM[1] at the plasma membrane
PI5P is phosphorylated to PI(4,5)P2 by PIP4K2A/B at the plasma membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4K2A/B at the plasma membrane
PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ at the plasma membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is transported from the plasma membrane to the early endosome membrane
PI(3,4)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by INPP4A/B at the early endosome membrane
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the early endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the early endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM[2] at the early endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the early endosome membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM[2] at the early endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI4P by PI4K2A/B at the early endosome membrane
PI4P is phosphorylated to PI(3,4)P2 by PIK3C2A at the early endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 transports from the early endosome membrane to the Golgi membrane
Presence of PI(3,5)P2 stimulates the maturation of the early endosome into the late endosome
PI3P is phosphorylated to PI(3,5)P2 by PIKFYVE at the late endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the late endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM[3] at the late endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI5P by PIKFYVE at the late endosome membrane
PI is phosphorylated to PI3P by PIK3C2A/3 at the late endosome membrane
PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM[3] at the late endosome membrane
PI(3,5)P2 transports from the late endosome membrane to the Golgi membrane
Activation of alpha-linolenic acid to alpha-linolenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of alpha-linoleoyl-CoA to Stearidonoyl-CoA
Elongation of stearidonoyl-CoA to eicosatetraenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of eicosatetraenoyl-CoA to eicosapentaenoyl-CoA
Elongation of eicosapentaenoyl-CoA to docosapentaenoyl-CoA
Elongation of docosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
Translocation of tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes
Oxidation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA
Hydration of delta2-tetracosaheptaenoyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
Dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by sterol carrier protein X (SCPx)
Formation of DHA-CoA catalysed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase
Conversion of DHA-CoA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Retranslocation of DHA back to ER
Activation of linoleic acid to linoleoyl-CoA
Desaturation of Linoleoyl-CoA to gamma-linolenoyl-CoA
Elongation of gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of dihomo-gamma-lenolenoyl-CoA to arachidonoyl-CoA
Elongation of arachidonyl-CoA to docosatetraenoyl-CoA
Elongation of docosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA
Desaturation of tetracosatetraenoyl-CoA to tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA
Translocation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to peroxisomes
Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA to Docosapentaenoyl-CoA
Translocation of DPA to the ER
Arachidonate diffuses across the ER membrane
PTGS2 dimer binds celecoxib
Aspirin acetylates PTGS1
Aspirin acetylates PTGS2
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to PGG2 by PTGS1
Arachidonic acid oxidised to PGG2
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to PGG2 by PTGS2
PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 by PTGS1
Peroxidative reduction of PGG2 to PGH2
PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 by PTGS2
PGH2 diffuses from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to the cytosol
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by FAM213B
PGH2 is isomerised to PGE2 by PTGES
Prostaglandin E synthase isomerizes PGH2 to PGE2
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1
PGE2 is dehydrated to PGA2
PGA2 is isomerised to PGC2
PGC2 is isomerised to PGB2
PGA2 is dehydrated to 15d-PGA2
PGH2 is isomerised to PGD2 by PTGDS
PGH2 is isomerised to PGD2 by HPGDS
PGD2 is dehydrated to PGJ2
PGJ2 is isomerised to delta12-PGJ2
Delta12-PGJ2 is dehydrated to 15d-PGJ2
PGD2 is dehydrated to 15d-PGD2
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3
PGD2/E2/F2a is oxidised to 15k-PGD2/E2/F2a by HPGD
15k-PGE2/F2a is reduced to dhk-PGE2/F2a by PTGR1
PGH2 is isomerised to PGI2 by PTGIS
Prostacyclin synthase (CYP8A1) mediates the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin I2
PGI2 is hydrolysed to 6k-PGF1a
PGH2 is isomerised to TXA2 by TBXAS1
Thromboxane synthase (CYP5A1) mediates the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane A2
TXA2 is hydrolysed to TXB2
Thromboxane A2 degenerates to thromboxane B2
TXB2 is converted to 11dh-TXB2 by TXDH
PGH2 is degraded to 12S-HHT and MDA by TBXAS1
ALOX5 is phosphorylated by MAPKAP2
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 5S-HpETE by ALOX5
Oxidation of arachidonic acid to 5-HpETE
5S-HpETE is dehydrated to LTA4 by ALOX5
Dehydration of 5-HpETE to leukotriene A4
LTA4 is hydolysed to LTB4 by LTA4H
LTA4 is hydrolyzed to LTB4
LTB4 is oxidised to 12-oxoLTB4 by PTGR1
CYP4F2 omega-hydroxylates leukotriene B4, thus inactivating it
LTB4 is hydroxylated to 20oh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3
20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3
20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by ALDH
20cooh-LTB4 is converted to 18cooh-LTB4
LTA4 conjugates with glutathione to form LTC4
LTA4 is converted to LTC4 by LTC4S
ABCC1 mediates LTC4 export from the cell
LTC4 is exported from the cytosol by ABCC1
Cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl bond of LTC4 forms LTD4
LTC4 is converted to LTD4 by GGT1/5
Further cleavage of LTD4 forms LTE4
LTD4 is converted to LTE4 by DPEP1/2
LTA4 is hydrolysed to 6t-/6t,12epi-LTB4
LTA4 is converted to EXA4 by ALOX15
EXA4 is converted to EXC4 by LTC4S
EXC4 is converted to EXD4 by GGT
EXD4 is converted to EXE4 by DPEP
5S-HpETE is reduced to 5S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
5S-HETE is oxidised to 5-oxoETE by 5-HEDH
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 15S-HpETE by ALOX15/15B
15S-HpETE is reduced to 15S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
15S-HETE is oxidised to 15-oxoETE by 15-HEDH
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 12R-HpETE by ALOX12B
12R-HpETE is reduced to 12R-HETE by GPX1/2/4
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 12S-HpETE by ALOX12/15
12S-HpETE is reduced to 12S-HETE by GPX1/2/4
Arachidonic acid is converted to 12-oxoETE by ALOX12
LTA4 is converted to LXA4/B4 by ALOX12
15S-HpETE is oxidised to LXA4/B4 by ALOX5
15R-HETE is converted to 15epi-LXA4/B4 by ALOX5
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD
15k-LXA4 is reduced to dhk-LXA4 by PTGR1
Arachidonic acid is converted to HXA3/B3 by ALOX12
HXA3/B3 is hydrolysed to TrXA3/B3 by HXEH
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 16/17/18-HETE by CYP(1)
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 19-HETE by CYP(2)
Arachidonic acid is hydroxylated to 20-HETE by CYP(3)
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4)
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 8,9/11,12/14,15-EET by CYP(5)
EET(1) is hydrolysed to DHET(1) by EPHX2
3-ketosphinganine + NADPH + H+ => sphinganine + NADP+
CERT + ATP => monophospho-CERT + ADP
CERT [ER] + ceramide [ER] => CERT:ceramide [ER]
âCERTâ protein binds ceramide associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B [ER] => CERT [cytosol] + PPM1L:VAPA/B [ER]
âCERTâ dissociates from the endoplasmic reticulum
CERT:ceramide [ER] => ceramide [Golgi] + CERT [ER]
âCERTâ protein releases its bound ceramide into the membrane of the Golgi apparatus
ceramide + H2O <=> stearate + sphingosine [endoplasmic reticulum]
ceramide + H2O => stearate + sphingosine [Golgi]
dihydroceramide + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 => ceramide + NAD(P)+ + H2O
dihydroceramide + NADPH + H+ + O2 => phytoceramide + NADP+ + H2O
monophospho-CERT + 2 ATP => multiphospho-CERT + 2 ADP
multiphospho-CERT + PPM1L:VAPA/B => multiphospho-CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B
multiphospho-CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B + 3 H2O => CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B + 3 orthophosphate
palmitoyl-CoA + serine => 3-ketosphinganine + CoASH + CO2
phosphatidylcholine + ceramide <=> sphingomyelin + diacylglycerol [SGMS1]
phosphatidylcholine + ceramide <=> sphingomyelin + diacylglycerol [SGMS2]
phytoceramide + H2O => stearate + phytosphingosine
sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) +ATP => sphinganine 1-phosphate + ADP
sphinganine + stearyl-CoA => dihydroceramide + CoASH
sphinganine 1-phosphate + H2O => sphinganine + orthophosphate
sphinganine 1-phosphate => phosphoethanolamine + hexadecanal
sphingosine +ATP => sphingosine 1-phosphate + ADP
sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O => sphingosine + orthophosphate [cytosolic - PPAP]
sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O => sphingosine + orthophosphate [cytosolic - SGPP]
sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O => sphingosine + orthophosphate [extracellular]
sphingosine 1-phosphate => phosphoethanolamine + hexadec-2-enal
Beta-galactosidase hydrolyses GM1 to GM2
Ganglioside GM2 activator presents GM2 to hexosaminidase for cleavage
Hexosaminidase A cleaves GalNAc from GM2 to form GM3
Neu5Ac is cleaved from GM3 by NEU1 and 4 to form a globoside (lysosomal lumen)
Beta-galactosidase can also hydrolyse globosides to form cerebrosides
Both hexosaminidase A and B can cleave GalNAc from globoside
Alpha-galactosidase A removes a terminal galactose from alpha-D-galactoside oligomers
Active ARSA translocates to the lysosome
Arylsulfatase A hydrolyses sulfate from sulfatide to form cerebroside
Galactocerebrosidase cleaves the galactosyl bond of galactocerebroside to form ceramide
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD1) hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide (lysosome)
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 and 3 (SMPD2 and 3) hydrolyse sphingomyelin to ceramide (plasma membrane)
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4 (SMPD4) hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide (ER membrane)
Glucosylceramidase cleaves the glucosidic bond of glucocerebroside to form ceramide
Glucosylceramidase 2 cleaves the glucosidic bond of glucocerebroside to form ceramide (plasma membrane)
Glucosylceramidase 3 cleaves the glucosidic bond of glucocerebroside to form ceramide (cytosol)
Acid ceramidase hydrolyses ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid (lysosome)
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 7 (ENPP7) hydrolyses sphingomyelin
Neu5Ac is cleaved from GM3 by NEU2 to form a globoside (cytosol)
Neu5Ac is cleaved from GM3 by NEU3 to form globoside (plasma membrane)
Neutral ceramidase hydrolyses ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid (plasma membrane)
Steryl sulfatase hydrolyses sulfate from steroid sulfates
Ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) catalyses the transfer of glucose to ceramide
Ceramide kinase (CERK) mediates the phosphorylation of ceramide
Galactosylceramide sulfotransferase (GAL3ST1) mediates the sulfation of membrane glycolipids
FPP and IPPP are combined into all-E-10PrP2 by PDSS1/2 tetramer
PHB and all-E-10PrP2 are combined into DHB by COQ2
DHB is hydroxylated to DHDB by COQ6
DHDB is methylated to MHDB by COQ3
MHDB is decarboxylated to DMPhOH by MHDB decarboxylase
DMPhOH is hydroxylated to MDMQ10H2 by DMPhOH monooxygenase
MDMQ10H2 is methylated to DMQ10H2 by COQ5
DMQ10H2 is hydroxylated to DeMQ10H2 by COQ7
DeMQ10H2 is methylated to Q10H2 by COQ3
Degradation of newly synthesized ApoB-48
Endocytosis and degradation of apoA-I
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport
Digestion of dietary lipid
Trafficking of dietary sterols
Lipoprotein metabolism
Chylomicron-mediated lipid transport
HDL-mediated lipid transport
LDL endocytosis
LDL-mediated lipid transport
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis
Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism
Triacylglycerol biosynthesis
Triglyceride Biosynthesis
Fatty Acyl-CoA Biosynthesis
Conversion of palmitic acid to very long chain fatty acyl-CoAs
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs
Import of palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA
Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA
Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Propionyl-CoA catabolism
Ketone body metabolism
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
Ketone body catabolism
Utilization of Ketone Bodies
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)
PPARA Activates Gene Expression
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism
Alpha-oxidation of phytanate
Beta-oxidation of pristanoyl-CoA
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
Plasmalogen biosynthesis
Synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
NADPH regeneration
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
Activation of Gene Expression by SREBP (SREBF)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol
Recycling of bile acids and salts
Metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D
Phospholipid metabolism
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis
Synthesis of PA
Acyl chain remodeling of DAG and TAG
Synthesis of PE
Acyl chain remodelling of PE
Hydrolysis of LPE
Synthesis of PC
PI and PC transport between ER and Golgi membranes
Acyl chain remodelling of PC
Hydrolysis of LPC
Synthesis of PS
Acyl chain remodelling of PS
Synthesis of PI
Acyl chain remodelling of PI
Synthesis of PG
Acyl chain remodelling of PG
Synthesis of CL
Acyl chain remodeling of CL
Synthesis of BMP
PI Metabolism
Synthesis of PIPs at the ER membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the Golgi membrane
PIPs transport between Golgi and plasma membranes
Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
PIPs transport between plasma and early endosome membranes
Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
PIPs transport between early endosome and Golgi membranes
PIPs transport between early and late endosome membranes
Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
PIPs transport between late endosome and Golgi membranes
alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism
Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism
Arachidonic acid metabolism
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
Synthesis of 5-eicosatetraenoic acids
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of 12-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of Lipoxins (LX)
Synthesis of Hepoxilins (HX) and Trioxilins (TrX)
Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
Sphingolipid metabolism
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis
Glycosphingolipid metabolism
Ubiquinol biosynthesis
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism
Pregnenolone biosynthesis
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis
Androgen biosynthesis
Estrogen biosynthesis
Expression of ABCA1
Expression of ABCB4
Expression of ACADM
Expression of ACOX1
Expression of ACSL1
Expression of AGT
Expression of ANGPTL4
Induction of Angiopoietin-related protein 4 (ANGPTL4) Expression
Expression of ANKRD1
Expression of APOA1
Expression of APOA2
Expression of APOA5
Expression of CD36 (platelet glycoprotein IV, FAT)
Induction of Platelet glycoprotein IV (PAS IV, CD36, GPIV) Expression During Adipogenesis
Expression of CPT2
Expression of CYP1A1
Expression of CYP4A11
Expression of CYP7A1
Expression of FABP1
Expression of FADS1
Expression of FATP1 (SLC27A1)
Expression of FHL2
Expression of G0S2
Expression of GLIPR1
Expression of GRHL1
Expression of HMGCS2
Expression of ME1
Expression of PEX11A
Expression of PLIN2
Expression of RGL1
Expression of SULT2A1
Expression of TIAM2
Expression of TNFRSF21
Expression of TRIB3
Expression of TXNRD1
Expression of UGT1A9
Expression of PPARA
Expression of CPT1A
Expression of CTGF
Expression of NPAS2